As part of the Manifesto of Race in Fascist Italy, laws were passed in Italy and its foreign colonies prohibiting marriage between Aryans (Italians) and non-Aryans (Africans and Jews). [54] The beginning of radical reconstruction in March 1867 meant that further changes had to be made to the laws of the state. At the new constitutional convention called for by federal reconstruction laws, black delegates led by William Grey of Phillips County, along with their white Republican allies, rejected a proposed amendment to the state constitution that would have banned marriage between black and white citizens. The delegates` failure to attach an anti-marriage clause to the state`s new constitution signaled that efforts to prevent interracial marriages would find little support in a Republican-controlled state. In fact, after the Convention, the legislature never discussed the enactment of a new law against miscegenation, and the state removed the law from the revised Civil Code in 1874. Many interracial couples in Arkansas married with impunity throughout the period of radical reconstruction. Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, South Carolina and Alabama legalized interracial marriage for several years during the reconstruction period. Anti-miscegenation laws have not been enforced, overturned by the courts, or repealed by the state government (in Arkansas[21] and Louisiana[22]). However, after white Democrats took power in the South during the Redemption, anti-miscegenation laws were re-enacted and strengthened, and in addition, Jim Crow laws were enacted in the South that also imposed other forms of racial segregation. [23] [not specific enough to verify] In Florida, the new Constitution of 1888 prohibited marriage between « a white person and a person of black origin » (Article XVI, Section 24). Anti-miscegenation laws were edicts that made it illegal for African Americans and whites to marry or engage in intimate relationships. The measures first appeared in the United States during colonial times and had two functions.
First, the laws helped maintain the racial caste system necessary for the expansion of slavery and the idea of white supremacy. When white masters took slave women as lovers and fathered children, anti-miscegenation laws ensured that children remained slaves because the illegal nature of relationships left Bourassian children without their father`s free status. Second, anti-miscegenation laws gave white men more power to control the sexual choices of white women. In colonial times, white patriarchs used laws to prevent white women from electing African Americans as husbands and paramours. Anti-miscegenation laws remained in the state civil code until 1968. However, in the twentieth century before their eradication, the state seemed frustrated in its limited attempts to enforce the laws. In fact, in the three cases that appealed to the State Supreme Court in the twentieth century, the State lost each case on the grounds that it had not satisfactorily proved that there had been a relationship between the defendants. After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the right of states to prohibit interracial marriages, in Loving v. In Virginia (1967), the legislature acted quickly to bring state laws into line with the Supreme Court`s decision. South Africa`s Prohibition of Intermarriage Act, passed under apartheid in 1949, prohibited marriages between whites and anyone considered non-white.
The Population Registration Act No. 30 of 1950 served as the basis for the separation of the population of South Africa into different races. Under the terms of this law, all residents of South Africa should be classified as white, coloured or indigenous (later called Bantu). Indians were included in the « Asian » category in 1959. Also in 1950, the Immorality Act was passed, which criminalized all sexual relations between whites and non-whites. The Immorality Act of 1950 extended an earlier prohibition on sexual relations between whites and blacks (the Immorality Act [No. 5] of 1927) on the prohibition of sexual relations between whites and non-whites. [8] Both Acts were repealed in 1985 as part of reforms during P. W.
Botha`s tenure. A number of northern and western states permanently repealed their anti-miscegenation laws in the 19th century. However, it has done little to stop anti-miscegenation sentiment in the rest of the country. Newly formed Western states continued to enact laws prohibiting interracial marriages in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between 1913 and 1948, 30 of the 48 states at the time enforced laws against racial mixing. [24] Only Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Alaska, Hawaii and the District of Columbia have ever promulgated it. In the United States, anti-miscegenation laws (also known as miscegenation laws) were laws passed by a number of states to prohibit interracial marriages and race sex. Some of these laws date back to before the founding of the United States, others to the late 17th or early 18th century, a century or more after the complete racialization of slavery. [1]. Most states had repealed such laws until 1967, when the U.S. Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia, that such laws were unconstitutional in the remaining 16 states.
[2] [3] The term miscegenation was first used by journalists in 1863 during the Civil War to discredit the abolitionist movement by fueling a debate about the prospect of interracial marriage after the abolition of slavery. [4] These laws, which generally define miscegenation as a crime, prohibit the licensing of marriages and the solemnization of marriages between persons of different races and prohibit the performance of such ceremonies. Sometimes people who tried to marry were not convicted of miscegenation itself, but rather accused of adultery or fornication. All anti-miscegenation laws prohibited marriage between white and non-white groups, mainly blacks, but often Native Americans and Asians. [5] Racial mixing, marriage or cohabitation of people of different races. Theories that the anatomical disharmony of children resulted from racial mixing have been discredited by 20th century genetics and anthropology. Although it is now accepted that modern populations are the result of the continuous mixing of different populations since prehistoric times, there have been taboos of miscegenation – in some cases imposed by law – and continue to exist in many race-based societies. In South Africa, the official policy of apartheid for many years included legal prohibitions on miscegenation. In the United States, many states had laws against interracial marriage until the Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional in 1967.
No brutality, no shame, no humiliation in all the years of slavery in the South, possessed such wicked character and qualities as cruel as the determination of the laws of Illinois, Massachusetts and other states that allow the marriage of the Negro, Jack Johnson, with a woman of Caucasian variety. (Applause) Sir, I propose this resolution. so that the States of the Union have the opportunity to ratify them. The existing 20,454 marriages (in 1939) between people considered racially Aryans and so-called non-Aryans – so-called mixed marriages – would continue. [26] However, the government has relaxed the divorce conditions for mixed marriages. [27] Initially, the Nazi authorities hoped to get the Aryan partner to divorce his spouses classified as non-Aryan by giving the Aryan spouse a simple divorce procedure and the ability to withhold most of the common property after a divorce. [28] Those who clung to their spouses would be victims of discrimination such as dismissal from public employment, exclusion from civil society organizations, etc. suffer. [29] No brutality, no shame, no humiliation in all the years of slavery in the South possessed such a rogue character and qualities as cruel as the determination of the laws of Illinois, Massachusetts, and other states that allowed the marriage of blacks. Jack Johnson, to a woman of Caucasian variety. (Applause) Sir, I propose this resolution. so that the States of the Union have the opportunity to ratify them.
Mixed marriages between whites and blacks are repugnant and opposed to any sense of the pure American spirit. This is despicable and disgusting for the principles of the Saxon government. It is subversive for social peace. It is destructive to moral supremacy, and ultimately this enslavement of white women to the pet peeves will bring this nation a conflict more deadly than ever, blushing the soil of Virginia or decorating the mountain trails of Pennsylvania.